While several solutions or opportunities can be identified on ruminant’s farm to reduce feed costs as the most important challenge, it seems that, the strategic use of valuable protein sources with adequate rumen undegradable protein ( RUP ) and higher EAAI and also feed additives such as antioxidants, protected amino acids, chelated trace minerals, probiotics, buffers, plant extracts and other microencapsulated bioactive compounds offers the prospect of increasing efficiency of feed and animal production.
Optimizing gut health and reducing antibiotics use , mitigate toxins , control of metabolic diseases ( ketosis, fatty Liver, hypocalcemia, milk fever, acidosis and … ) especially in transition cows , immune system enhancing , improving reproduction efficiency , mitigate environmental pollutions arising from ruminants rearing systems, reducing mastitis and lameness and also improving hoof health, avoiding increases in enteric methane production associated with high-fiber diets strategies and etc. are main challenges in ruminants nutrition .